Intermediate Civics Or (Political Science)

WELCOME TO CIVICS

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Knowledge is an ocean. It's not possible to gain everything but, Having little bit knowledge makes a huge difference.

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Namaste!

I've studied civics in my intermediate. I'm sharing my notes with you. My teachers given most of the notes and few topics are recorded by me which are not given in the class. Hope it is useful to you..

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city states

states, which have less population and small territory. The rights were given directly to the people in the 

city. 

Each city is a state. They were originated in the third and forth centuries. 

good citizenship

Aristotle stated that, good citizenship comes with the human. Who follows the rules and 

laws of the state. a good skilled person and educated person will follow all rules and regulations 

and laws of that state. 

Political science and its scope

political science is a social science. It mainly deals with the citizenship in 

relation to state and the government. Aristotle considered as the father of political science in 

origin to 4th century BC. The word politics is derived from the Greek words police which means 

city. Political science has became a prominent subject in 19th century BC. 

Definitions

according to James Wilford Garner, "political science begins and ends with the state". 

according to Stephen Leacock, "political science deals with the government". 

Scope of political science

1. Study of a man in relation to state and society: Aristotle stated that man as a social animal.

Because a man cannot  live outside the state and the society.

A man can satisfy his needs in the state and the society. Political science studies about the

development of the state and the society. And it also studies the relationship with a man and state

and society.

2. Study of state: political science studies about the state. It studies the origen and the devolupment

of the state. It studies the past present and modern welfare of the state.

3. Study of government: political science studies also about the government as an agency of the

state. It studies the form, structure, functions, development and the nature of the government.

4. Study of associations and institutions: political science also studies about the institutions and

organizations as an art of the state. Which have customs and religious development.

5. study of rights and responsibilities: in democratic people enjoy some rights like right to life, right

to property. And they also perform some activities like paying taxes, obeying the law etc. political

science studies about them in detail.

6. Study of national and international issues: every country have a relation with the other country. it

is necessary. political science studies the development of the relations between the countries. In

these days it has became most important in the world.

7. Study of power: modern political thinkers considered the sharing and shaping power as a study

of the political science.

8. Study of public policy: government perform some policies for the sake of the people like education

policy, population policy ect. Political science studies about the functioning of policies in detail.

State

State is a most powerful institution. The word state is used by Machiavelli in his book 'Prince'. In 16th

century.

Elements of the state

• Population (People)
• Territory (Land / border)
• Sovereignty (power or authority)
• Government (organization)

Key differences between state and government

1. State has 4 elements namely population, territory, government etc. whereas, government is one of the element of the state.
2. State is permanent and stable. government changes regularly due to ellections and revolutions.

Nationality

Nationality refers to legal status of the citizens in a particular state. Nationality emerges when ever

there is unity and togetherness in human groups. The word nationality is derived from Latin word, nation

which means birth or rays.

Main elements of nationality

• Purity of rays
• Common language
• Common religion
• Geographical unity
• Common history
• Common culture
• Common political aspirations

Is India is a nation state?

Generally Nation consist of a group of people. India is a country which have many languages, cultures religions

regions casts etc. in this view some political thinkers said that India is a not a nation.. how ever there

are strong reasons to prove India is a nation state.

1. Indians have a common culture and history.

2. India is known for its unity in diversity.

3. People supported the government in the war with china and Pakistan.

4. The spirit of unity was exhibited  during freedom straggle.

5. The Indians are divided by the cast, languages, regions, Casts etc but, they consider themselves as the children’s of mother India.

6. People of India identify them as Indians first then only the religion identities comes.

7. Indians believes that their mother and mother land is supreme then the heaven.

8. The history of India inspires them.

9. National flag, national anthem, constitution are the national symbols each one will respect them

and promotes nationalism feeling.

10. People is unite to celebrate national festivals and work to achieve common roles.

 The above points proves India as a India is a national state.

Law

Laws are the rules and regulations that control external behaviour of the individual.

Government formulates the law. The law derived from titanic germen word, lad which means something

fixed.

Sources of laws

Following are the main sources of laws

1. Customs: beliefs 

2. Religion: divine.

3. Equity:

4. Legislature: Law making body.

5. Judicial decisions

6. Scientific commentary: from political thinkers views.

Classification of laws

Laws are the rules regulations to control the external behaviour of the individuals.

1. Natural law: natural law is also known as divine law. It is considered as a gift of nature and also

gift of god.

2. Positive law: positive law is created by human agency. Violation of positive law is punishable. It

is divided into national law and international law. National law is followed by citizens of the

country, ware as international law is followed by different countries. National law is also divided

into institutional law and general law.

3. Constitutional law: it is the supreme law of the land. it explains about the powers, functions of

the government and rights and duties of the citizens.

4. Ordinary law: laws made by legislature are called as ordinary laws. They are divided into private

law and public law.

5. Public law: it regulates the relation between state and individuals.

6. Private law: it deals with relation among individuals. It is also known as civil law. Public law is

divided into administrative law and general law.

7. Administrative law: it regulates the administrative relations at an authorities and people.

8. General law: it deals with the private affairs of the individuals In relation to the state. It is

classified into statutory law and common law.

9. Statutory law: it is enacted by the legislature for day to day administration.

10. Common law: at its product of customs and traditions which are popular among the people. The

court accept them as a port legal system.

Liberty

Liberty is essential condition for the development of man. Liberty means freedom. The word liberty is

derived from Latin word liber which means free from restrictions.

Types of liberty

1. Natural liberty: natural liberty means the liberty with out restrictions. This type of liberty is

enjoyed by early man in the state of nature.

2. Civil liberty: natural liberty is replaced by civil liberty in the present society. Civil liberty means

freedom enjoyed by the man in the day to day life. It is also known as personal liberty. It gives

the freedom of movement, freedom of tar, freedom of choice in daily life. It is essancial to lead a

happy and aunorable life. Civil liberty is enjoyed by the civil rites like rite to life, rite to speech

rite to religion etc.

3. Economic liberty: economic liberty means rite to earn lively hood. It ensures freedom from

hunger, unemployment, etc. it includes the rites like, rite to work, equal opportunities etc.

economic liberty becomes meaningless with out political liberty.

4. Political liberty: political liberty enables the citizens to participate in the political activities of the

government. It gives freedom to choose once own government. Only citizens can enjoy political

liberty. It is enjoyed by the political rites like, rite to vote, rite to contest in the elections etc.

democracy guaranties the political liberty.

5. National liberty: nation liberty means freedom of the state from the foreign domination.

Independent country provides national liberty to the citizens.

Note: safeguards of liberty are equally applicable for safeguarding democracy also.

Safeguards of liberty

1. Democratic rule: liberty flourishes only in democratic state. It creates an atmosphere/environment  in

which people can enjoy liberty freely and impartially.

2. Written and rigid constitution: it clearly mentions the rites and liberty and freedoms of

people. It also gives various measures to protect them. Further political parties cannot amend

it with their interest.

3. Independent judiciary: independent judiciary protects fundamental rites and liberty of the

people. It delivers the justice with fair and impartial manner.

4. Rule of law: rule of law is important safeguard of liberty. The countries who adapt rule of

law provides equality before law. Uniform laws are enforced through out the country and it

checks the misuse of power by the executive.

5. Fundamental rights: they ensure liberty to the people

6. Economic equality: liberty cannot be enjoyed in the presence of inequality. Economic

equality eliminates economic evils like hunger, unemployment etc.

7. Decentralization of power: decentralization of power reduces scope of despotism and

infringement of individual liberty.

8. Freedom of press: freedom of press enables media to present news and views impartial.

This helps in formulating proper public opinion and safeguards of liberty.

9. Strong opposition: strong opposition checks the misuse of the power of the ruling party.

10. Eternal vigilance: if people are vigilant, careful and aware, they can ascertain the liberty of

individual.

Equality

Equality means giving equal opportunities in equal treatment in the society. This concept

originated in the Europe in the protest against federalism. Main moto of democracy is to

provide equality. Equality has 3 main implications. 

They are:

1. Their shall be no special privileges for few people.

2. Their shall be no discrimination based on cast creed religion etc among the people.

3. People must be provided with adequate opportunities

Types of equality

1. Natural equality: political thinkers held all men are equal before the natural

equality. Hobbes (Leviathan), stated that, men enjoyed equality naturally even before

existences of state and society. How ever men are not equal in the nature. Natural

equality is implemented when men made inequalities are eliminated.

2. Social equality: social equality means equality of status in the society. There shall be

no discrimination in the society on the basis of cast creed etc. social equality

provides all rites equally to all. However it cannot happens by the laws. It needs

positive change in the society.

3. Economic equality: economic equality is considered as a basis of social and political

equality. Economic equality means reducing the gap between poor and the rich.

4. Political equality: as per this type of equality all have equal rite to participate in the

political activities of the government.

Rights and Responsibilities

Classification of rights:

Rights are mainly divided into three types. Namely natural rights, moral rights and legal rights.

Legal rights are further classified into civil rights, political rights and economic rights.

What are civil rights?

Civil rights are the essential conditions to lead a happy life. Example: right to life, right to religion, right

to property, right to liberty etc.

Natural rights:

Natural rights are those rights which are enjoyed by men by birth. They were enjoyed by men even

before existence of state. Right to life, right to property, right to liberty are the essential natural rights.

Moral rights:

Moral rights are based on moral court. they are given by the society. They do not have legal support.

their violation is not punishable by the state. Moral or ethical principles or the basis of moral rights.

Political rights:

Political rights enables the citizens to participate in the political activities. They are given to the citizens

in the democracy. Example: right to vote, right to contest in the elections, right to criticize etc.

Classification of responsibilities:

Responsibilities are classified into two types.

That is moral responsibilities and legal responsibilities.

Legal responsibilities are again further divided into positive and negative duties.

Moral responsibilities:

Moral responsibilities are based on moral beliefs. They are sanctioned by customs traditions and

society. Violation of these duties are not leads to punishment. Example: helping the needs,

taking care of their parents in their old age etc.

Examples of responsibilities:

1. Moral responsibilities; helping the needy.

2. Legal responsibilities; payment of taxes regularly.

a. Positive responsibilities; obedience to law

b. Negative responsibilities; violate traffic roles

Political rights

Political rights enables citizens in the democracy to participate in the political matters.

Different political rights are explained below.

1. Right to vote: all the citizens above the age of 18 given right to vote. This right is

provided without any discrimination. This enables the citizens to select any

government of their choice.

2. Right to contest in the elections: this right empowers the citizens to contest in the

elections and become legislators.

3. Right to hold public offices: this right enables to hold public offices and exercise

authority.

4. Right to petition: this right enables citizens to file complains against government

officers. This helps in solving the problems of peoples effectively.

5. Right to criticism: this right gives opportunity to criticize the government programs

and drawbacks. This makes the policy makers vigilant in discharging their duty.

Note: Friends, safeguards of rights, equality, democracy are all same points.

Justice 

Justice means fairness and proper exercise of laws which are given by the state.

Natural justice

Humans possess different rights to use natural resources. They should keep

future generations in mind while using natural resources at present.

Social justice 

the term social justice denotes that all citizens must be equal. There should not be

any discriminations in the society. State shall share the responsibilities for the betterment and

upliftment of these suppressed groups. It ensures protection to the rights of individuals.

Political justice 

political justice symbolizes political equality. It implies equal participation in the

political activities for the people. Various political rights are provided to the citizens like right to

vote, right to contest in the election etc. these freedoms are provided only in the democracy.

3 main sources of justice

Justice means fairness and proper exercise of laws which are given by the state.

1. Nature: Greeks regarded nature also as a source of justice. for them nature, religion and god are

inseparable. Nature embodies 3 things. 

1st. men should be free. 

2nd. men should be treated equally. 

3rd. man should be associated with fellow beings by common element of region.

2. Ethics: Plato and others regarded that justice is originated from ethical principles. The

values which are accepted by the society over a period of time became a source of justice.

3. Religion: religion is another source of justice. It is believed that god has given in notion or

justice which is wrong and rite. It must exercised and authorized by the church.

acquiring natural citizenship

1. Residence: staying or living in the country.

2. Choice: based on choice after the age of 18

3. Marriage: marrying another countries citizen.

4. Application: applying for citizenship through a process.

5. Fixed assets: acquiring through holding fixed assets in the territory.

6. Serves.

Democracy

Democracy means peoples government. The term democracy is derived from two Greek words demos

and Cratos which means peoples rule.

Definitions of democracy:

1. According to Abraham Lincoln's "democracy is a government of the people by the people and for

the people".

2. Jr ceely, "democracy is a government in which everyone has a share".

Merits:

1. Efficient government

2. Upholds individual liberty

3. Assures equality

4. Training school for citizenship

5. Ensures stability

6. More patriotism

Conditions required for successful democracy

1. Sound system of education: education makes the citizens vigilant, and it enables them to

understand government policies adapt rights attitude.

2. Independent press: independent press keeps eye on government activities. it helps public to express their opinions and also conveys the government words to the people.

3. Strong opposition: strong apposition plays an important role in successive democracy. It

highlights the drawbacks of the government, and suggest the various measures to overcome the

public problems.

4. Decentralization of powers: concentration of powers leads to dictatorship. Decentralization of

powers from national level to local level is essential for successive democracy.

5. elimination of social economic inequalities: there shall be no discrimination in the society. rights

shall be provided equally to all. Democracy will not successful with the large number of poor

peoples and few rich people. Social economic equality is essential for the successive democracy.

6. Good leadership: efficient and committed leaders are essential for the successive democracy.

7. honesty and transference: honest persons shall be given predict responsibilities. Transference

that is given complete information of the government activities is another condition to

successive democracy.

8. absents of militarism: democracy shall be free from concentration of authorities and

despotism. Adequate opportunities shall be provided to the people based on the ability.

9. faith in democracy: democratic values like tolerance, solving the problems, group discursions etc

shall be inculcated among the people.

Features of democracy

1. Popular government

2. Popular control

3. Independent dignity

4. Elections

5. Public accountability

6. Independent judiciary

7. Equality

Here popular means people. 

Constitution 

Constitution is a set of rules and regulations for the rulers and the ruled. it explains the

powers and functions of government and the rights and duties of the citizen.. It is supreme law of the land

Features of constitution

1. Preamble: every constitution will have a preamble. Preamble denotes aims and aspirations of

the constitution.

2. Clarity: all the provisions of the constitution are explained clearly. It is written in simple and

clear language.

3. Incorporation of fundamental rights: every constitution will provides some fundamental rights

they provide various freedom to the citizens.

4. Brevity: constitutions are persist in brief. Unnecessary elements are not included in the

constitution.

5. Flexibility: constitution must be flexible that means it should be easy to change as per the

general needs of the people.

6. Permanence: permanence is the important feature of constitution. The constitution must have

everlasting values for the welfare of the people.

7. Mode of amendment: constitution specifies the mode of amendment that is a method to

change it. Usually constitutions are changed in 3 methods. 1. Rigid, 2. Flexible and 3. Hof rigid

and half flexible.

8. Exclamatory: constitution explains all matter relating to the people, government and the state.

It also specifies powers and limitations of the state.

Difference between flexible and rigid constitution

S.no    Flexible constitution     Rigid constitution

1.     Constitution matters are not mentioned clearly.     Constitution matters are clearly written

2.     Not appropriate to a federal state.     Appropriate for a federal state

3.     Highly stable.     Highly unstable.

4.     Constitution can be easily amended.     Constitution can't be easily amended

5.     Provide no scope for judicial revue.     Provided scope for judicial revue.

6.     Only one type of law is found.     Two types of law is found.

7.     Rights, freedom and liberty of people may not be safeguarded by the judiciary.     Rights, freedom and liberty of people will be better safeguarded by the judiciary

8.     no scope for revolution.     Scope for revolution

9.     possibility of unlimited judicial powers.     possibility of limited judicial powers

10.     More suitable to politically advanced state.     More suitable to developing nations.

11.     Appropriate to the small states.     Appropriate to the large states

Difference between written and unwritten constitution

Si.no     Written constitution     Unwritten constitution

1.     All the basic principles of the state are clearly written.     All the basic principles of the state exist in the form of traditions, customs and parliamentary laws.

2.     It is prepared by constituent assembly.     It is evolutionary in nature. That means it is prepared for time to time.

3.     It can not be easily amended.     It can be easily amended.

4.     Courts protects the rights and liberty of the people.     Courts can not protect rights of the citizens.

5.     It provide political stability.     It can not provide political stability

6.     it is suitable for federation.     It is not suitable for federation.

7.     India, USA are examples of written constitution.     British is example for unwritten constitution.

features of parliamentary government

Parliamentary government consist of two executives they are nominal and real executive.

They are responsible for the legislature and to the people. This government is controlled by the prime

minister. It is also called as prime ministerial government.

Features of parliamentary government are explained below

1. Real and nominal executive: parliamentary government consist of two executives. Mainly real

and nominal executives. Nominal executive have all powers in name and they are exercised by

the nominal real executive. Example for nominal executive is president of India, and example for

real executive is prime minister of India.

2. Collective responsibility: in parliament government, prime minister and his ministers are

collectively responsible to the lower house of the legislature. They take all decisions carefully in

the cabinet meetings.

3. Political homogeneity: in this government all ministers are belongs to the members of the same

party. Or legislative elected people.

4. Hormone between legislature and executive: the ministers are members of the both executive

and legislature. They promote bills passed by the legislature. Some times this ministers guide

the legislature. So there is a hormone between legislature and executive.

5. Party discipline : every party imposes discipline on its members. By asking them to follow party

ideology. It makes the members more responsible in their works. It secures political stability.

6. Leadership of the prime minister: parliamentary government is also called as prime ministerial

government. All major decisions are taken by him. All national and international are taken by

him. The nation’s development is based on the efficiency of the prime minister.

7. Membership of the minister: all the ministers must have membership in parliament house. If

any minister doesn’t have membership, he should be elected with in six months.

8. Secrecy procedure: every minister has to maintain countries secrets like provisions regarding

budget, defence, foreign matters etc.

features of presidential government:

presidential government is controlled by the precedent. He is not responsible for the

legislature.

1. Both nominal and real executives

2. Separation of powers

3. Subordinate position of secretary

4. Checks and balances

5. Impeachment process

The Salient or basic features of Indian constitution

The Indian Constitution was adapted and prepared by the Constituent Assembly. It took nearly 2

years, 11 months and 18 days to complete the framing of the constitution. The constituent assembly

approved the constitution on 26 November 1949. It was came into force on 26th January 1950,

which we have been celebrating as republic day. The salient features of Indian constitution are taken

from different countries like, fundamental rights have taken from the constitution of U S A, directive

principles have adopted from the constitution of Irish.

1. Written and detailed constitution: the constitution of India is written document. It consists

of 12 schedules, 22 parts and 444 articles. Almost all matters relating to the state and

provisions relating to protection of schedule casts and schedule tribes and other provisions

relating to constitutional bodies like election commission, UPSC are mentioned clearly in

comprehensive way.

2. India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic: the Indian constitution is

designed in a way that India is a sovereign, secular, socialist, democratic and republic.

 *Sovereign state: India is a sovereign state. it is clear that India is internally supreme and externally

Independent from all other foreign countries.

* Socialist state: India is a socialist state because it strives to provide social, economic and political

justice to all. We fallow mixed economy that means the state allows everyone to invest in the state.

* Secular state: India is a secular state which means it protects all religions and doesn’t gives priority

to any religion. India adopted secularism in the year of 1976 through the forty second amendment

of constitution

* Democratic state: India is a democratic state, it means people have the complete power to make and

break the governments. India is adapted representative or indirect democracy.

* Republic state: India is a republic with a head of the country that is president of India it became

republic in the year of 1950

3. Noble aims and objectives: Indian constitution has noble aims and objectives. It secures the

economic, social and political justice to all. It provides liberty of thought, freedom to

express, believe, faith and worship. The constitution of India promotes equal status and

equal opportunities among all people in the country. for promotion of the country, our

constitution will have some goals.

4. Combination of rigidity and flexibility: the constitution of India can be amended by rigid and

flexible method. Article 368 provides the procedure to amend the constitution. The

constitution of India can be emended by 3 methods they are; flexible, rigid, half rigid and

half flexible. Hence the constitution has a combination of rigid and flexible methods to

emend the constitution. the constitution of India is half rigid and half flexible.

5. Unitary and federal features: according to the Indian constitution, India is a union of states.

Our constitution contains the features of both unitary and federal governments. It

prescribes unitary system in emergency time, and federal system in ordinary time. Provisions

of united state such as single citizenship, single integrated judiciary, single elections, role of

all India services and etc. are found in Indian constitution. At the same time some federal features like written, rigid, dual governments, bicameralism are seen in Indian constitution.

Thus it is a combination of 2 government feature like Canada.

6. Parliamentary government: makers of the constitution adapted the Irish precedent of un

elected president instead of monarchy system. They retailed all other parliamentary

features like prime minister’s leadership, collective responsibility. Etc. they prescribe the

same type of political system for the state.

7. Independent judiciary: the constitution of India granted the Independent and integrated

judiciary to the people. Hence the high court and supreme court acts independent without

any pressure from other two organs. Judiciary independently enjoys the matters of

appointment of judges, salaries, promotions and etc. the constitution clearly mentions that

other two organs should not interfere in the matters of Judiciary.

8. Directive Principles of state policy: our constitution hinted out some directive principles in

part 3 from article 36 to 51. The makers of the constitution derived this directive principles

of state policy from Irish constitution. these principles must be implemented by all the

parties which are in the power. These principles includes certain programs like provision to

employment opportunities, free distribution of wealth, equal pay for equal work and etc. for the welfare of the people.

9. Fundamental rights: fundamental rights are barrowed from American constitution. they

ensure personal development. They are incorporated in part 3 from articles 12 to 35.

Nobody including government is allowed to interfere in these rights. The judiciary will helps

the citizens to safeguard their rights. There were 7 fundamental rights, but present there are

only 6 rights. They are right to equality, right to freedom, right to against exploitation, right

to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights and right to constitutional remedies

right to property is removed from the constitution of India in the year of 1978 in forty-fourth

amendment

10. Fundamental duties: our constitution incorporated fundamental rights in article 51a under

part 4a. 10 fundamental duties inserted in the constitution and later one more fundamental duty

was added in the constitution 86 th amendment act 2002. All together there are 11

fundamental duties in the constitution. respecting the constitution, national flag, national

anthem are some of the examples of fundamental duties.

11. Single citizenship: our constitution provides single citizenship for all the people who are born

in country and residing in India. It enables the citizens to enjoy all rights. It also promotes

unity, integrity among the people.

12. Universal adult francize (Vote): the makers of the constitutions has given of universal adult

franchise to all the people in the country irrespective of birth, colour, creed, religion, gender,

property etc. at the beginning universal adult franchise is given to all the people who cross

the age of 21. Later age is reduced to 18 years through the 61 amendment act of the

constitution in 1998.

13. Bicameralism: the constitution of India introduced bicameralism in all over the nation.

According to it the parliament consists of 2 houses namely Rajyasabha (upper house)

loaksabha (lower house). The rajyasabha represents the states and loaksabha represents the

people.

14. Panchayath raj and nagarapalika acts

15. Special provisions relating to schedule casts and schedule tribes

Structure of state legislative council:

Legislative council is the upper house of the state legislature in

bicameralism. the total membership of the legislative council not

less than  40 and not more than 1/3 rd of the membership of the

concern legislative assembly. The parliament has authority to create

or abolish the legislative council it is a permanent house 1/3 rd of it’s

members shall retire for every 2 years. Every member holds the

membership for the term of 6 years.

1. 1/ 3 rd of total members are elected by electorate consisting of

local self governing bodies members.

2. 1/3 rd members are elected by the members of the legislative

assembly.

3. 1/12 th members shall be elected by university graduates.

4. 1/12 th members can be elected by the secondary school teachers

with at least  3 years experience in service.

5. the remaining members will be nominated by the governor on the

basis of their special knowledge in literature, social service, science,

and arts.

Fundamental rights

Fundamental rights are one of the salient features in the Indian constitution. they were barrowed

from American constitution. they are incorporated in the constitution under part 3 of articles from

12 to 35. There are 6 fundamental rights.

1. Right to equality: articles 14 to 18.

2. Right to freedom: articles 19 to 22.

3. Right to against exploitation: articles 23 and 24.

4. Right to freedom of religion: articles 25 to 28.

5. Cultural and educational rights: articles 29 and 30.

6. Right to constitutional remedies: article 32.

42 nd constitutional amendment which is passed by the parliament excluded right to property from

the fundamental rights. Hence at present there are only 6 fundamental rights. 

1. Right to equality (articles 14 to 18): article 14 guaranties rule of law to all. There can be no

special privileges given to anyone. All those who violates the law are punished equally.

Article 15 prohibits discrimination on religion, rays, cast, colour, sex, place of birth or any of

them. Article 16 provides equal opportunities' in the matters of public employment. Article 17

abolishes untouchability from any firm. Article 18 prohibits the state from conferring any

title except a military and academic distinction.

2. Right to freedom (articles 19 to 22): article 19 is the most important part in the constitution.

it guaranties 6 freedoms to the citizens. They are;

a. freedom of speech and expression,

b. freedom of assemble freely without arms,

c. freedom to form associations and organizations,

d. freedom to move throughout the territory of India,

e. freedom to reside in any part of territory of India,

f. freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupy.

Article 20 says that, a person shall be convicted only for violating an existing law.

Article 21 says that, no person shall be deprived of his life and his liberty except by the procedure of

establishment of law.

Article 22 provides that, everyone should inform of his arrest.

3. Right to against exploitation (articles 23 and 24):

Article 23 prohibits the traffic in human beings and forced labour.

Article 24 says that, no child below the age of 14 years shall be employed in any factory mines or

engaged in any dangerous works.

4. Right to freedom of religion (articles 25 to 28):

Article 25 gives all people freedom of confines and right to practice any religion.

Article 26 permits religious organizations to manage their own affairs in religious matters.

Article 27 says that no person shall compiled to pay any tax for promotion of any religion.

Article 28 says that, no religious instructions shall be provided in any educational institutional, only

maintained out of state funds.

5. Cultural and educational rights (article 29 and 30):

Article 29 guaranties to every citizen to conserve his own language, script or culture.

Article 30 provides all minorities weather based on religion or language shall have the right to

establish the educational institution of his choice.

6. Right to constitutional remedies (article 32):

Article 32 deals with the right to constitutional remedies. The citizens of India can protect all their

fundamental rights through this right. This right enables the citizen to approach a high Corte. The

supreme Corte and high Corte issue various rights to implement these fundamental rights.

general and emergency powers of the president of India

The president of India is the constitutional head of the state. He preserves the nation’s identity and

upholds the constitution and its values. He is the caretaker of the nation. And a citizen also.

Qualification: to become illegible for the office of president of India, he must possess following:

1. He shall be a citizen of India.

2. He shall have completed 35 years of age.

3. He shall be qualified for election as a member of the house of the people that is  Lok Sabah.

4. He shall not hold any office of profit under union, state and local governments.

Election

the president of India is elected by the electoral college which consists of elected members

of;

1. both houses of parliament

2. state legislative assembly.

3. The elected members of legislative assembly of Delhi and Pondicherry.

Conducted by single transferable vote.

Term of Office

The president holds the office of the term of 5 years, from the date of assumption of office.

He is eligible for the re-election of the office.

Salary and allowances

 the president receives R.S 150000 as monthly salary. He gets RS 900000 per

an year as pension after retirement.

He is provided accommodation at Rastrapathi Bhavan at Delhi and two other accommodations that

is Rastrapathi Nilayam at  Secunderabad and another at Shimla.

Removal or impeachment process

The president may be removed for any violation of the constitution by a process of impeachment

passed by the Parliament.

Powers and functions

The powers of the president are discussed under two heads they are ordinary and emergency

powers.

Ordinary Powers of the president

I. Legislative powers: the president performs the following legislative functions;

1. He summons and provokes the meetings of the parliament

2. He dissolves the lok-Sabah.

3. He inaugurates the 1 st and annual sessions of the Parliament.

4. He nominates two Anglo-Indians in Lok Sabhah, and 12 members to the Rajya-sabhah.

5. He can convince the parliament by sitting Jointly for disagreement on a bill.

II. Executive Powers: the president enjoys all executive powers of Union

government. He appoints;

1. The prime minister

2. Members of the union counsel ministers on the advice of the prime minister.

3. State governors, Lieutenant governors and administrators of union territories.

4. Chief election commissioner, and other election commissioners.

5. Chairmen and members of union public service commission etc.

The president can also remove them.

III. Financial powers: the president assures that the budget is lied before the

Parliament. He provides permission to introduce new money bills. He appoints

the chairmen and members of finance commission for every 5 years. He

appoints the comptroller and auditor general of India. He receives the report

from finance commission and general auditor. 

IV. Judicial Powers:

1. He appoints the eternal general of India.

2. He appoints the chief justice and other judges of supreme court and high court.

3. He is empower to grant pardon reprise respites or remission of punishments.

4. The president can seek judicial advice on the national importance according to article 143.

v. Military powers: the president is the supreme commander of armed forces in

India. He appoints the chief of the staff and other army officers. He can declare

war and conclude peace.

vi. Diplomatic powers: the president employs the ambassadors and other diplomatic

persons abroad. He receives the credentials from other ambassadors. He

represents the nation in international firms. He concludes and treaties any

agreements in the world.

Emergency powers

The constitution of India provides the president to hold 3 types of emergencies.

1. National emergency (article 352):

2. Constitutional emergency (article 356)

3. Financial emergency (article 360).

I. National emergency: if the president feels that a great emergency exist in the country or

any part of its territory is threaten by war or external aggressions he may impose

national emergency on the written advice of the union council of ministers. It has to

approved by the parliament with the majority of 2/3 rd of the members. Then the

proclamation will be enforced for 6 months. It can be extended for another 6 months.

During this period the parliament can make legislation for any matters included in the

state. Except article 20 and 21 all rights are suspended. This type of emergency was

enforced in 1962, 1965, 1971 and 1975.

II. Constitutional emergency (president rule): if a governor of a state gives a report in a

situation the government cannot function according to the provisions of the

constitution, the president may proclaim emergency in that state. It is also called as

president rule or constitutional emergency. This emergency proclamation shall be

approved by the parliament within two months. It will be enforced for 6 months. It can

be extended for another 6 months by the approval by the parliament. These type of

emergency is enforced more than 100 times in different states in India.

III. Financial emergency: article 360 deals with financial emergency. The president can

proclaim such emergency if he is satisfied that a situation has occurred ware, the

financial stability or credit of India is threatened. The effects of financial emergency are;

1. The president can reduce the salaries and allowances of all.

2. All money bills passed by any legislature can be reserved for the consideration of the

president.

So far this kind of emergency has not been proclaimed in India.

Powers of Indian parliament

Indian parliament is bicameralism. It consist of two houses that is lok sabha and rajya sabha. The

rajya sabha or upper house contains the representatives of the state. The lokh sabha or the house

of the people is the lower house. It is the popular house and contains the representatives of the

people. The parliament is the highest law making body. It has extensive powers and functions which

are listed below.

1. Legislative power: the main function of Indian parliament is law making. It makes laws on all

subjects which are mentioned in union list and concurrent list. Under certain circumstances

it also makes laws on the subjects mentioned in the state list. Farther it also makes the laws

which are not mentioned in the 3 lists. That is residuary matters.

2. Executive powers: another important function of Indian parliament is to controlling

executive that is union counsel of ministers. Parliament controls the executive through

various ways such as by asking questions, supplementary questions and by introducing

Adjournment Motion and no conference resolutions against the ministry. Hence the survival

of the government is depends upon the will of the lower house.

3. Financial powers: the parliament controls the financial resources of the nation. It accepts the

money bills and other money bills required by the government. The lok sabha has more

financial powers than rajya sabha regarding collection or imposing of taxes and for revising or changing 

the existing tax rates. All money bills shall first introduced in loak sabha.

4. Constitutional powers: the parliament takes initiative for changing the provisions of the

constitution according to the time. The bills relating to changing the constitution may be

introduced in either any one of the house. There are 3 methods to emend the constitution.

5. Judicial powers: the parliament has certain judicial powers and functions. It has the power to

remove the president and vise president. This procedure of removal of president is called as

impeachment. It also has powers to recommend the president on removal of higher officials

of India such as chief justice and judges of supreme court, high court and the chairmen of

other members of UPSC, chief election commissioner etc for violation of certain principles.

6. Electoral powers: the parliament also serves as an electoral college. It participates in the

election of the president and vise president of India. The speakers and deputy speakers who

act as the presiding officer are elected by the members of the loke sabha. The deputy

chairmen is elected by the members of the rajya sabha.

7. Deliberative powers: the parliament acts as the direct form and agency and voice of the

public opinion. Its members discuss the various issues of national and international matters.

They demand the government to solve the problems of the people.

8. Miscellaneous powers or other powers: the Indian parliament is also has the powers like

a. Abolish legislative councils

b. Change the names and boundaries of the state

And etc.

Parliament is the centre for legislative activity and political activity of our

country.

Powers and functions of district collector

The district collector is the head of the district administration. He occupies a

predominant position in the district. He belongs to IAS carder plays an

unparalleled role in of the district. he is appointed by the state government. he is also a member in IAS.

1. Revenue functions: the most important function of district collector is to

look after the collection and recovery of land revenue and other dues of

the government. He is responsible for the matters of survey and land

records. He is assisted by a joint collector, MRO’s, revenue inspectors

etc carry on this activities.

2. Magisterial functions: the district collector has magisterial functions. He

is responsible for the maintenance of law and order in the district.

3. Electoral functions: the district collector acts as the chief electoral

officer of the district. He is responsible for conducting the elections in

fair and impartial manner.

4. Coordinating functions: the district collector is the chief coordinator of

various departments in the district such as agriculture, irrigation, labour

affairs etc. The head of the departments are accountable to him.

5. Functions of senses operation: the district collector takes steps for

holding senses operations in the district for every ten years on behalf of

the union and state governments.

6. Miscellaneous functions: the district collector has many more functions

like attending the meetings of the panchayat raj institutions and urban

local body institutions. Looking after the development activities of the

district. Mobilising the humans, material and financial resources, in the

district and implementing directives of union and the state

governments.

powers and functions of the state governor

The governor is the head of the state. All executive powers of the state are rested with him. They are

exercised directly by him or through other officers or subordinates.

Qualifications:

Article 137 deals with the qualifications for the appointment of a person as a state governor.

1. He shall be a citizen of India

2. He shall have completed the age of 35 years

3. He shall not be a member of either parliament or state legislative assembly

4. He should not hold any profit of office under union, state or local governments.

Appointment:

Article 155 deals with the procedure of appointment of the state governor. The governor of the

state shall be appointed by the president. The president appoints the governor on the advice of

prime minister.

Salary and allowances:

The salary and allowances are determined by the parliament. At present he receives monthly salary

as R.S 110000. He resides in the official building Rajbhavan.

Besides he is entitled to many allowances. His salary and paying should not be reduced during his tenure or work time.

Tenure: 

he continues office for a period of 5 years. However he holds office during the pleasure of

the president. The president can remove him at any time.

Powers and functions of governor

The governor exercises many important powers. Some are listed below.

I. Legislative powers and functions

II. Executive powers and functions

III. Financial powers and functions

IV. Judicial powers and functions

V. Miscellaneous powers and functions

VI. Discretionary powers and functions

i. Executive powers and functions: he is rested with the executive powers according to the

constitution. He exercises either directly or through other officers or subordinate to him.

1. The governor appoints the chief minister.

2. He appoints the ministers on the advice of the chief minister

3. He allocates pot polios among the ministers and reshuffles their pot polios

4. He removes the ministers on the advice of chief minister

5. He also appoints the vice-chancellors of state universities

6. He regulates and transfers the all India services and personals working in the state

7. He formulates the rules and regulations for the smooth transaction of the state government

8. He appoints the chief secretary and advocate general to the state government

ii. Legislative powers: the governor is an integral part of the state legislature.

1. The governor convinces and provokes the two houses of the state legislature. He dissolves

the lower house of the state.

2. He addresses the state legislative assembly personally or through a person

3. He nominates 1/6 th members to the state legislative counsel.

4. He nominates an Anglo Indian to the state if no one is elected to that house.

5. He inaugurates the 1 st session and for every year or after the general elections

6. He accords the bills sent by the state and gives suggestions on modification or altering the

bills.

7. He appoints the speaker of the state.

iii. Financial powers: the governor gives permission to move money bills from the state. He

causes the annual budget of the state government to be placed before the state

legislature. He maintains the contingency funds of the state.

iv. Judicial powers: the governor have some judicial powers and functions. He can influence

the postings and promotions of the district judges other officials. He can grant or

retrieve or reprise or pardon the punishments or cancel the punishments of persons

who violated the law. He gives suggestions to the president on selecting the judge.

v. Miscellaneous powers: the governor receives the annual report of the state public

service commission and passes it on to the council of ministers. Therefore he sends the

report and commends to the speaker of the legislative assembly for placing it before

state legislature.

vi. Discretionary powers: the governor performs these functions without advice of state

council of ministers and chief minister. The discretionary powers are listed below.

1. Selection of the chief minister

2. Dismissal of the ministry

3. Seeking information on the legislative and administrative matter from the chief minister

4. Dissolution of the legislative assembly.

5. Advising the president on imposing president rule in the state.

6. Refusing to accept the bill and sending it back.

7. Seeking advises from the president on promulgating some ordinances.

Functions of supreme court of India:

The juries diction of the supreme court may be categorized as original, epilate and advisory.

1. Original jury diction: under this juries diction the supreme court can settle disputes of

a. Between the centre or one and more states.

b. Between centre and any of the state or states of one side

c. Between two or more states

2. Epilate juries diction: under the epilate juries diction the supreme court can here the

following cases.

a. Constitutional cases: an appeal can be made on the cases which relates to interpretation of

the constitution

b. Civil cases: in case of civil cases also an appeal can be made to the supreme court against the

decision of high court.

c. Criminal cases: an appeal can be made to supreme court against a judgment or order or final

sentence of high court. Generally high courts are the final ones to here criminal cases but

the supreme court has given power to here criminal cases through the parliament.

3. Advisory juries diction: the supreme court has some advisory powers also. The president can

seek the advises of the supreme court on the matter of national importance. But the

supreme court gives the advises not binding any parties.

4. Miscellaneous cases:

a. Court of record: the supreme court also acts as the court of record. The judgments of

supreme court is recorded and made authoritarian final and serves into cases and laws.

Their records have great evidence value.

b. Judicial review: the supreme court has given a power to decide weather a law passed by the

parliament or the state legislature or executive taken by the central or state governments is

constitutional or not. If a law founds un constitutional then it is declared as invalid.

Moderates:

 the prominent moderate leaders are DADABHAI NAROOJI, GOPAL KRISHNA GOKULE,

SURENDRANAB BENARJI AND others. These people showed complete faith in the liberlisation

policies of britishes and extended cooperation. They have adapted the peaceful and constitution

ways to fulfil their demands.

GHANDIAN PHASE:

 the 3 rd stage of the Indian national movement during the period of 1920 to 1947

is called as GHANDIAN stage. This is also called as non violent period. He gave lots of importance to

Social reforms, HINDU MUSLIM unity and became undisputed leader of 1920 an 1947.

Methods of extremist: 

the following are the methods of extremists.

1. Boycott of British goods and usage of domestic or swadeshi goods.

2. Boycott of honorary titles of the governments offices

3. Practicing passive resistance

4. Organizing the festivals to make people to feel self ruled.

5. Encouraging native education

Nirbaya act

the criminal act 2013 is popularly known as NIRBAYA act has increased the quantum of

punishments for criminals for crimes against women. The criminal law act 2013 enacted by the

Indian parliament which came into existence on 3 rd April 2013 provides for amendment of IPC. Indian evidence act and criminal procedure court laws related to sexual

offences.

History

A female paramedical student was beaten and gang raped in Delhi on 16 th December 2012

who died 13 days later although she received treatment in Singapoor and India. The incidence was

covered by national and international media and was opposed by the international organisations

such as UNO and UNHRC. Public protests took place in Delhi and all parts of India. 6 days later

central government appointed to a committee which is headed by JS Warma chief Justas of supreme

court. Mainly to suggest amendments to criminal law particularly to deal with sexual related cases.

Offences or Punishments

The bill become an act on 3 rd December 2013. This act mentions the punishments.

1. Acid attack: imprisonment not less than 10 years but may increase lifetime and fine.

2. Attempt to acid attack: imprisonment not less than 5 years which may extend to 7 years

and shall also be liable to fine.

3. Sexual harassment: imprisonment up to 3 years and fine.

4. Voyeurism: in case of 1 st confession imprisonment not less than 1 year but which may

extend to 3 years and he shall be liable. In case of 2 nd confession imprisonment for not

less than 3 years and which may extend to 7 years.

5. Stalking: imprisonment not less than 1 year may extend to 3 years and shall also liable

for fine.

6. Rape and gang rape: severe imprisonment not less than 20 years and fine.

Student JAC

1. Students belonging to different organizations with multiple ideological doctrines have come

together to form students J A C. prominent student JAC are OOSMANIA JAC, KU JAC.

2. The vary concept of JAC was coined initiated formed and shaped by various students

organizations unions.

3. The historical oosmania universities’ arts college building has become the launching ground

for the establishment of student JAC. Which was later inbuilt for others to form various JAC

including political JAC.

4. In fact total Telangana movement was under the control of students JAC. All the students to

schools to pg level had taken part in the protest movements.

5. They gave oxygen, glucose to many people who were protesting. Telangana movement in every

aspect.

6. Telangana student JAC is active even after the formation of the Telangana state and pushing

forward the demand for reconstruction of Telangana.

Telangana Jagruthi

1. Telangana Jagruthi was established in June 2008 under the leadership of K. Kavita to protect

the culture, value, art forms, folks, literature and Telugu.

2. It is a socio cultural organization. It is believed that, only separate State of Telangana will

protect and safeguard the art and culture forms of Telangana.

3. It conducted Batukamma festival in all parts of Telangana region.

4. As a culmination of Batukamma festival it conducted million march at tankband in

Hyderabad with millions of people.

5. Telangana Jagruthi enlightened by house wife’s, middle men’s and also traditional

households in Telangana.

various factors which led to the agitation for the separate Telangana state

The Telangana region is marked with trilingual character of Marti, Canada and Telugu speaking

people. Vishalandhra movement favored the Telangana state to merge with Andhra state in 1956

with the assurances given by the gentlemen agreement. Telangana leaders accepted to join in

Andhra on 1 st November 1956. But the successive governments were not worked to satisfy the

aspirations of the Telangana people.

The various factors which led to the outbreak of agitation of separate Telangana are listed below.

1. Telangana people were subjected to exploitation denial of opportunities and denotation of

natural resources.

2. Injustice done in public employment and on sharing of the river water.

3. Telangana surpluses were diverted to develop Andhra.

4. Provisions of gentleman agreements were not followed

5. On 1 st November 1956 in state of Andhra Pradesh formed with chief minister of SANJIVA

REDDY however, no deputy chief minister were incorporated as per gentlemen agreement

6. The residential qualifications for public employment and education was reduced from 15

years to 4 years

7. Mulkhi rules were not followed

8. Telangana regional committee was abolished

9. The revenue of Telangana region was always very high but more than 40% of people were

under the poverty line.

10. The education facilities for Telangana people were poor.

11. Major river water projects were in favour to Andhra

12. Because of in-equal distribution of river water cultivable areas are converted into arid areas

The above reasons results in frustrations with in the youth of Telangana people and it is resulted

in the agitation of Telangana state in 1969. Later the uncompromised movement took place in

Telangana from 1969 and 2001 to 2014 in more different way..

various types of terrorism in India

Terrorism means a systematic use of force violence to achieve political, religious and ideological

goals. It is most dangerous to many countries. it is creates law and order problem.

according to the report of administrative reforms commission of 2008 the terrorism can be

classified into 5 types.

a. on the basis of different goals and objectives

1. Atheno nationalist terrorism: it is a sort of violence by terrorist groups for succession for the

creation of new state in Indian union federation. Demand for kalisthan and JAMMU AND

KASHMER etc are some examples of national terrorism.

2. Religious terrorism: this type of terrorism is based on the names of religious fundamentalsm.

The terrorist attacks on Mumbai on 26 th November 2008 and other attacks in different parts

of the country by ISIS Pakistan.

3. Ideology oriented terrorism: this is a form of terrorism which is against economic

exploitative and socially depressed nature of the society. It aims at revolutionary change

through violence and terror.

4. State sponsored terrorism: this type of terrorism is sponsored by the neighbouring countries.

The terrorism groups are allowed to make frontal attacks on national across the border to

create insecurity in neighbouring countries. The terrorist groups are supported by Pakistan in

India.

5. Macro terrorism and sandalwood terrorism: they attends to make illegal traffic zones in

north west India and JAMMU AND KASHMER. 

She teams

the Telangana police started a special team for the safety and security of

the women in Telangana state as She teams. Each She team consists of 5

police personnel in which sub-inspector exists. She teams came into force 24 th

October 2014 to protect from harassment of women. It deals with all

cases of harassment of women including physical and mental abuse. they generally hold cameras and record the public actions.

who are minorities

the government of India notified 6 religious communities as minorities

they are Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Parsis and in 2014 Jains.

Gram Sabha

It is considered as one of the organs of Grampanchayat . it

comprises registered voters of the Panchayat.

Mandala Parishad

This is the second level of the Panchayat Raj institutions. It is

created at block level consisting of several Panchayats. It’s main

functioning is coordinating the development programs taken by

different Gram Panchayats with in the block.

 Zilla Parishad

Zilla Parishad is the apex level of Panchayat Raj institution at

the district level. It covers entire rural area of the district. The mian

functioning of the Zilla Parishad is to establish coordination among

the Mandal Parishads at the district level

SMART Governance:

SMART stands for Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive, &

Transparent.

Components of Governance

1) To improve the performance of the administration

2) Enhance accountability & Transference

3) Successful implementation of public policy

4) Greater efficiency

Chief minister.

articles 163 and 164 of our constitution deals with the office of

the chief minister of the state. According to article 164 the governor

appoints the majority party leader in the state legislative assembly as

the chief minister after general elections. Tenure the chief minister

holts his office during the pleasure of the governor and confidence

of the majority members in the state legislative assembly. Generally

the C.M holds his office for the period of 5 years.

composition of security counsle and its powers

security counsel is the executive organ of the uno. it consist of 15 members. 5 members enjoys permanent status and veto power. the remining non permanent members are

elected for every 2 years by the general assembly. from 10 non permanent members, 5 are belongs

to afro acian nations, 1 belongs to east europe, 2 belongs to latin america and west europe and

remaining 2 belongs to other nations.

powers and functions

1. it strives to settle the international disputes peacefully.

2. it takes preventive steps and enforces action to maintain international peace and security.

3. it renders advice to the general assembly for admitting new member states or expelling the

existing states.

4. it elects the judges of the international court of justice and the security general along with the

general assembly.

5. it makes recommendations to the general assembly on the amendment of the chapters when it is

necessary.

Role of TRS in separate formation of telangana state

telangana Rastra samiti (TRS) was formed by KALVAKUNTLA CHANDRA SHEKAR

RAO on 27 th April 2001 with a single agenda of carryout a political movement for the separate

formation of telangana state. The TRS employed many strategies from 2001 to 2009. And finally

succeeded in formation of new state.

1. Ideological position of TRS: the telangana Rastra Samiti was started with a one point agenda

of carrying out a political movement for separate telangana. The ideology and philosophical

for foundations of TRS party are centred around the issue of formation of telangana state.

2. Historical importance: the Telangana Rastra Samiti secured its place in history as a party that

brought cultural differentials of different regions as a basis for putting demand for separate

state of Telangana.

3. massifications of movement: the Telangana Rastra Samiti has broad based the separate

telangana state hood movement from its class character to mass character. This has resulted

in massification of the movement with different sections of society such as students,

lawyers, teachers, RTC employees, government employees, KULA sanghas, house wife’s,

NRI’S, Singareni employees and other sections. Many people participated in the movement.

4. Awakening of consciousness: the TELANGANA RASTRA SAMITI has brought awaking among

the people of Telangana on rational rights like political, economical, social interests.

5. Charismatic leadership: K. CHANDRASHEKAR RAO is popularly known as KCR. He was proved

as a great dynamic and charismatic leader by using proverbs and satires and other diologs

that attracted some lacks of people.

6. Strategies of TRS: Telangana Rastra samiti has adapted various strategies like electoral

strategy, mass mobilisation strategy, protects and demand strategy in Telangana movement.

7. Unique methods of movement: Telangana Rastra Samiti has employed some unique and

special and unexpected methods like DHUMDAM, WANTAVARPU, BATUKAMMA,

PRESENTATION OF FLOWERS TO OFFICIALS, MANAVAHARAM, SAGARAHARAM, MILLION

MARCH, SAKALAJANULA SAMMA AND NON cooperation to popularise the movement.

8. Capabilities of corner support at national level: Telangana Rastra Samiti was totally

successful to take the Telangana issue at national level by different methods. It has involved

some programs in jantarmantar at Delhi to draw the attention of the central government on

this issue.

9. Success of TRS: the efforts made by the TRS under the leadership of K. CHANDRASHEKAR

RAO with the support of all parties, employees, students, lawyers, doctors even children’s

most beautifully the Telangana state has merged into Indian union as a separate state on 2 nd

June 2014. General election were held in the new state. Telangana Rastra Samiti has won

the majority seats of assembly.

Merits and Demerits of E-Governance

It is an Act of Governing the office of a state. E-Governance

means electronic Governance (Paperless Governance) According to

this The government functions on the basis of utilization of

information Technology.It secures transference efficiency and

accountability.

Merits:

1. Informing and consulting the citizen

2. Reforming the process of Governance

3. Access to information

4. To improve quality services for citizens

Demerits:

1. High cost of implementation

2. Lack of integrated services

3. Need to reform legal administrative, police and judiciary

4. Difficulty in understanding the citizens need  and linguistic barriers

5. Denial of role and participation by the civil society in public decision

making

provisions of Right to Information Act (RIA)

Right to Information Act 2005 came into force by October 2005

it applies to all states and union territories except the state Jammu and

cashmere. according to this Act every citizen has the right to access

information from the government..

1) Every persons right to request information from the government

and even private bodies.

2) The duty of the government is to provide the requested information

3) To disclose the information Pro-actively by the government

4) Within a period of 30 Days the government should respond to the

query

5) Computerization and digitalization of recards for the dissemination

of information

6) Information in the form of printouts, floppies and   other electronic

form under the Act 2(f)

Organs of UNO

1. general assembly

2. security council

3. economic and social council.

4. trusteeship council [abolished]

5. international court of justice.

6. secretariat.

industrial pollution in Patancharu;-

Patancharu is one of the largest industrial areas which is located in Medac district of Telangana state.

Several hundreds of industries particularly drug and pharmaceutical industries with out proper waste disposal facility had been

established.

This has adversely effected the surrounding land, irrigation fields and surface water bodies.

According to the study of the Indian institute of chemical technology {IICT] HYD, the people residing in these areas are

exposed to high levels of arsecnic pollution. the supreme court of India gave directions and compeled the authorities to initiate

pollution control methods.

Uranium mining struggles:-

Uranium is a heavy metal can be found in rocks and soil. It is used for manufacturing nuclear bombs and electricity production

the top 3 Uranium producing countries in the world are Kajakisthan, Cenada, and Australia. In India Andhrapradesh Telangana

Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The Uranium corporation India limited had planned to construct Uranium mining near

Lambapoor and Rajive Ghandhi tiger reserve near Mallapuram village.

These activities violated by the local people and some village organizations.

The opposition to Uranium mining is due to the long term environmental and health Fluoride is beneficiary problems and associated with

it.

Open caste coal mining :-

Open caste coal mining is environmentally destructive. these disturbances have numerus direct, indirect short and long term

potentially adverse effect in large scale.

these include

deforestation, loss of ground water, soil erosion over burden to axes ore. Etc.

the Singarany calories limited operates in the Godavary vally coal field in the districts of Adilabad, Kamma, Karimnagar, and Warangal

fluoride problem in Nalgonda,:-

fluoride is beneficiary at low concentration in drinking water but excessive exposser can give rise to skeletal fluorisis. In

Telangana 1174 villages are effected by the exces floride content in drinking water sources Nalgonda district in Telangana is severely

effected by floride contamination in drinking water.

As per Who norms the permissible limit is one MG for 1l of water. In these effected areas it is 7 MG per l. more than 20 thousand people

are severely suffering from fluorides disease.